UNIT IV
Grammar
1.
Transformation of
Sentences
Changing an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence
and vice versa
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
1. Only you
can help me.
Or
You alone
can help me.
|
None but you can
help me.
|
2. Only hard
work can bring you success.
Or
Hard work alone can bring you success.
|
Nothing but hard work can bring you success.
|
3. You look only fifty.
|
You look no more than fifty.
|
4.
Only ten persons attended the meeting.
|
No more than ten persons attended the meeting.
|
1.
You have to obey the
traffic rules.
Or You must obey the
traffic rules.
He has to obey
his boss or He must obey his boss.
Or
He must
obey his boss.
|
You cannot but
obey the traffic rules
Or
You have no
option (choice) but to obey the traffic rules
He cannot but obey his boss
Or
He has no
option (choice) but to obey his boss.
|
6. I had to
laugh at his jokes.
|
I could not but laugh
at his jokes.
Or
I had no
option (choice) but to laugh at his jokes.
Or
I could choose but to laugh at his jokes.
Or
I could do nothing but laugh at his
jokes.
Or
I could not help laughing at his jokes.
|
7. We
had to laugh at his funny appearance.
|
We could not help laughing at his funny appearance.
|
8. Farmers have to depend on the rains.
Or Farmers must depend on
rains
She has to borrow money from friends. Or She must borrow from friends.
|
Farmers cannot help depending on the rains.
Or Farmers cannot
but depend on the rains
She cannot help borrowing money from friends.
Or
|
9. I need to have
some sleep.
|
I cannot but have
some sleep.
|
10. Poor
people needed
to borrow from the money lenders
for their needs.
|
- Poor people could not but borrow from the money lender for their needs.
|
11.
I must have a little rest.
|
I cannot do without a little est.
|
12.
This man is far
from (being) honest.
|
This man is not honest
at all.
Or This man is not at all
honest
|
13. I
have many friends in this town.
|
I have not a few friends
in this town.
|
14. He
has only a few
supporters.
|
He does not
have many supporters.
|
15.
There is only
a little milk in the bottle.
|
There is not much milk in the bottle.
|
16. Much (A lot of) effort is needed to
solve this problem.
|
Not a little effort
is needed to solve this problem.
|
17. As soon as the mouse saw the cat, it ran into its hole.
|
No sooner did the
mouse see
the cat than it ran into its hole.
|
18.
– Hardly / Scacely
had the rain stopped when people came out of
their houses.
|
No sooner did the
rain stop than people came out of their houses.
Or
As soon as the
rain stopped, people came out of their houses.
|
19. Every man loves
his offspring.
Or. All men love their offspring.
|
There is no man but loves his offspring. Or
There is no man who does not love his
offspring.
|
20. Every disease
weakens the body.
0r. All diseases weaken the body.
|
There is no disease but weakens the
body.
Or
There is no disease
that does not weaken the body.
|
21. He
likes both tea and coffee.
OR He likes tea
as well as coffee.
Both Mohan and
his brother are intelligent
Or He as well
as his brother is intelligent.
|
He likes not only tea but also coffee.
Not only Mohan but his brother is also intelligent.
|
22.
I am taller than my brother.
|
My brother is not
as tall as I (am). Or My brother is
not so tall as I.
|
23. Kolokatta is more populated than any
other city in (of) India. Or
Kolokatta is the most populated city (in) of India.
|
No other city
in India is as populated as Kolokatta.
|
24-
We are late sometimes or It is only sometimes that we are late..
|
We are not
always late.
|
25.
I sometimes visit England.
|
I do not
always visit England.
|
26. The
train is sometimes late.
|
The train is not often late.
|
27.
Shatabadi is always on time (punctual).
This fellow always
talks foolishly.
|
Shatabadi is
never late
This fellow never
talks wisely.
|
28.
I am warning you for the last time.
|
I will never
warn you again.
Or Never again
shall I warn you.
|
29.
I visited Bangalore for
the last time in 1995.
|
I have never
visited Bangalore after 1995.
|
30.
He was the last passenger to board the bus.
This is my
last chance to meet him.
|
No other
passenger boarded the bus after him.
I will get no
other chance to meet him.
|
31.
He has left India for ever/for good.
|
He will
never be in India again.
He will never visit / come to India again.
|
32.
He is my friend
He is cowardly.
Only the brave
deserve the fair.
|
He is not my
enemy.
He is not
brave.
The cowardly
do not deserve the fair.
|
33.
God looks after everyone.
|
Does God not
look after everyone?
Or Is there
anyone that God does not look after?
Or There is no
one (none) that God does not look after.
|
34. You have to earn money.
Or Money has to be earned.
|
Money does not grow on trees.
|
Changing the Degree of Comparison
Comparison of Two
To
change the degree of comparison from comparative to positive,
·
Change the place of the compared objects.
·
Change the degree from comparative to positive.
·
Remove ‘than’ and insert ‘as’ both before and after
the positive degree. You can also insert ‘so’ before the comparative degree if
the sentence is negative.
·
Make the sentence negative if it is affirmative and
affirmative if it is negative.
·
You need not change the place of the compared
objects if the adjective has ‘less’ before it in the comparative.
1.
Comparative - I am wiser than you.
Or
You are less wise than I (am).
Positive – You are not as / so wise as I (am).
2.
Comparative – John is not more intelligent than William.
Or William is not less intelligent than John.
Positive – William is as intelligent as John.
3.
Comparative - Jalandhar is not bigger than Ludhiana.
Or Ludhiana is not less big than Jalandhar.
Positive – Ludhiana is at least as big as Jalandhar.
Comparison of More than Two
To
compare three or more things, we can use any of the three degrees of comparison
of the adjective or adverb as illustrated by the following examples.
1.
Superlative – Chandigarh is the
most beautiful city of Punjab.
Comparative – Chandigarh is more
beautiful than any other city of Punjab.
Or Chandigarh is more
beautiful than all other cities of Punjab.
Positive – No other city of
Punjab is as / so beautiful as Chandigarh.
2.
Superlative - Naresh is not
the most intelligent boy in the class.
Comparative – Naresh is not
more intelligent than some other boys in the class.
Positive – Some other boys
in the class are as intelligent as Naresh.
3.
Superlative - Wordsworth is
one of the greatest poets of English.
Comparative – Wordsworth is
greater than most other poets of English.
Positive – Only a few other
poets of English are as / so great as Wordsworth.
Or
Few other poets of English are as
/ so great as Wordsworth.
Or
Most other poets of English are
not as / so great as Wordsworth.
4.
Superlative - Khanna is not
one of the biggest cities of India.
Comparative – Khanna is not
bigger than many other cities of English.
or
Many other cities of India are
bigger than Khanna.
Positive – Khanna is not
as/so big as many other cities of India.
5.
Superlative - Khanna is not
even one of the greatest cities of India.
Comparative – Khanna is not
bigger than most other cities of India.
Or
Most other cities of India are
bigger than Khanna.
Positive – Khanna is not
so/as big as most other cities of India.
Interchange of interrogative sentences (questions)
and affirmative sentences (statements)
There
are two types of questions: Questions asked to seek some kind of information.
These questions are questions in the real sense. For the purpose of making a
distinction, I will call them real questions. The other type of questions is
used to make an emphatic (strong statement, not to seek information. If the
question is positive, the statement is negative and if the question is
negative, the statement is positive. These questions are called rhetorical
questions.
Rhetorical Questions beginning with a
question word
1.
Question -
Who can conquer death?
Statement – Nobody can conquer death.
Note: We can also use no one or none
instead of nobody.
2.
Question -
Whom have I ever hurt?
Statement
– I have never hurt anybody (anyone).
3.
Question –
Whom did I incite against you?
Statement – I have not incited anyone against you.
4.
Question – What can stop you from reaching your goal
if you are determined?
Statement – Nothing can stop you from reaching your
goal if you are determined.
5.
Question - Where can you find an honest man these
days?
Statement - You cannot find an honest man anywhere
these days.
Or Nowhere can you find an honest man these days.
6.
Question –
Why should I harm him?
Statement – I have no reason to harm him.
7.
Question – When did he help you?
Statement – He never helped you.
Rhetorical
questions beginning with an Auxiliary verb
1. Question
- Have they answered my question?
Statement – You have not answered my question.
2.
Question - Did I ever tell a lie?
Statement – I never told a lie.
3.
Question - Can anyone change the course of a river?
No one can change the course of a river.
4.
Question – Can you make a fool change his mind?
Statement – You cannot make a fool change his mind.
5.
Question - Has anyone ever seen God?
Statement –
No one has ever seen God.
Real questions
beginning with a question word
We can change a
real question into a statement by starting beginning it with ‘I want to
know-------‘ and then moving the auxiliary behind the subject.
We can also
change it into an imperative sentence by starting it with ‘Tell me’ or ‘Let me
know’ and then moving the auxiliary behind the subject.
1. Question
- What can I do to help you?
Statement – I want to know what I can do to help
you.
Or Let me know what I can do to help you.
Imperative – Tell
me what I can do to help you.
2.
Question - Where did you find this rare book?
Statement – I want to know where you found this rare
book.
Imperative – Tell me where you found that rare book.
Or Let
me know where you found this rare book.
3.
Question – Can you lend me some money?
Statement – I want to know if you can lend me some
money.
Imperative – Tell me know if you can lend me some
money.
Or Let me
know if you will attend his marriage.
4.
Question - Will you attend his marriage?
Statement – I want to know whether you will attend
his marriage.
Imperative – Tell me whether you will attend his
marriage.
Or Let me know whether you will attend his marriage.
Imperative and Affirmative Sentences
We can also change an imperative sentence
into a statement by starting it with ‘I want you to’ or ‘I request, order or
advise you to’.
We can also use ‘You are ordered, requested
or advised to ----‘ instead of ‘I request, order or advise you to’
1.
Imperative - Close the door.
Statement – I want you to close the door. Or I order
or request you to close the door.
2.
Imperative - Get out of here at once.
Statement – I order you to get out of here at once.
3.
Imperative – Work hard if you want to succeed.
Statement – I advise you to work hard if you want to
succeed.
Or You are advised to work hard if you want to
succeed.
4.
Imperative – Let me help you.
Statement – I request you to let me help you.
5.
Imperative - Let the child go and play now..
Statement – I advise or counsel you
to let the child go and play now.
But if the imperative sentence is a
proposal, we change it into a statement as follows:
1. Imperative
- Let us have some fun now.
Statement – I propose that we should have some fun
now.
Or It is
proposed that we should have some fun now.
If giving
permission is involved, the words ‘be allowed to’ are also added after
‘should’.
2. Imperative
- Let the children take some rest now.
Statement – I propose that the children should be
allowed to take some rest now.
Exclamatory and Affirmative Sentences
Exclamatory sentences can also be changed
into affirmative sentences (statements) as illustrated below:
A. Exclamations beginning with the word may or those in
which the word may is implied though not explicitly stated.
1.
Exclamation -May God bless you with health and
happiness!
Statement – I pray to God to bless you with health
and happiness.
2.
Exclamation- May you succeed in your mission!
Statement – I pray that you may (should) succeed in
your mission.
3.
Exclamation - Long live the king!
Statement – I (We) pray that the king may live long.
4.
Exclamation - Victory to our motherland!
Statement – I (We) pray that victory may come to my
(our) motherland.
Exclamations
beginning with ‘I or we wish’ or ‘O that’ or ‘Would that’.
1.
Exclamation – I wish I were a millionaire!
Or O
that I were a millionaire!
Or Would
that I were a millionaire!
Statement – I wish that I should be a millionaire.
2.
Exclamation – O that I could do as I please!
Statement – I wish that I should be able to do as I
please.
Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences
Combining Sentences to form Compound sentences
And
1. He saw a lion. He hid
behind a tree.
Simple – On seeing a lion, he hid behind a tree
Compound - He hid saw a lion and hid behind a tree.
Complex – When he saw a lion, he hid behind a tree.
2. We took off our clothes.
We jumped into the river.
Simple – We took off our clothes before jumping into the river.
Compound - We took off our clothes and jumped into the river.
Complex – We took off our clothes before we jumped into the river.
3. They reached the top. They
sat down to rest.
Simple – After (On) reaching the top, they sat down to rest.
Compound – They reached the top and sat down to rest.
Complex – When (After) they had reached the top, they sat down to rest.
4. He worked hard. He
achieved success in life.
Simple – He achieved success in life by virtue of (by dint of or owing
to) hard work.
Compound – He worked hard and achieved success in life.
Complex – He achieved success in life because he worked hard.
5. He wants to achieve
success in life. He is working hard.
Simple – He is working hard to (in order to) achieve success in life.
Compound – He wants to achieve success in life and he is working hard.
Complex – He is working hard so that he may achieve success in life.
Or He is working hard
because he wants to achieve success in life.
6. The Congress has won the
elections in Punjab. It is not surprising.
Simple – The victory of the Congress in the elections in Punjab is not
surprising.
Compound – The Congress has won the elections in Punjab, and that is not
surprising.
Complex - It is not surprising that the Congress has won the elections in
Punjab. Or That the Congress has won the elections in
Punjab is not surprising.
7. He tried hard. He could
not succeed.
Simple – He could not succeed despite (in spite of) trying hard.
Compound – He tried hard and (yet or but) he could not succeed.
Complex – Although he tried hard, he could not succeed.
8. He is poor. He is honest.
Simple – In spite of being poor (0r In spite of poverty), he is honest.
Compound – He is poor but honest. Or He is poor but he is honest.
Or He is poor and he is honest.
Complex – Although he is poor, he is honest.
9. He is hard working. His
brother is not.
Simple – Unlike his brother, he is hard working.
Compound – He is hard working but his brother is not.
Or he is hard working and his
brother is not.
Complex – He is hard working although his brother is not.
10. Work hard. You will
succeed.
Simple – Hard work will make you succeed.
Compound – Work hard and you will succeed.
Complex – If you work hard, you will succeed.
11. The winner will get 50000
rupees. The runner up will get 25000 rupees.
Simple – The winner and the runner up will get 50000 and 25000 rupees
respectively.
Compound – The winner will get 50000 rupees and the runner up will get
25000 rupees.
Complex – The winner will get 50000 rupees whereas the runner up will get
25000 rupees.
12. He eats simple food. He
takes exercise regularly.
Simple – Besides eating simple food, he takes exercise regularly.
Compound – He eats simple food and takes exercise regularly.
Or He not only takes simple food but also
takes exercise regularly.
13. He is intelligent. His
brother is equally intelligent.
Compound – He and his brother are equally intelligent.
14. He likes reading. His
sister also likes reading.
Simple – He likes reading like his sister.
Compound – Both he and his sister like reading. Or He likes reading as well as his sister.
Or He as well as his sister likes
reading.
Complex – He likes reading as his sister does.
15. Work hard. If you do not,
you will not achieve your aim.
Simple – Without working hard, you will not achieve your aim.
Compound – Work hard or (or else) you will not achieve your aim.
Complex – If you do not work hard, you will not achieve your aim.
16. You may be living in
India. You may be living in America. You need food and clothing.
Compound – Whether you live in India or America, you need food and
clothing.
17. You may be rich. You may
be poor. You have your self-respect.
Compound – Whether you are rich or poor, you have your self-respect.
18. I cannot swim. My brother
also cannot swim.
Compound – Neither I nor my brother can swim.
19. Jack has done it. If not,
Jill has done it.
20. Either Jack or Jill has
done it.
21. You will have to pay a
fine. If you refuse, you will have to serve a term in prison.
Compound - You will either have to pay a fine or serve a term in prison.
22. Will you like tea? Will
you like coffee?
Compound – Will you like tea or coffee?
23. You can buy a flat. You
can also buy an independent house.
Compound – You can buy a flat or an independent house.
24. You can boil an egg. You
can make an omelette. You can have both.
Compound – You can boil an egg or make an omelette or you can have both.
25. I was appointed a lecturer
in a college in District Amritsar. In other words, I started my teaching career
there.
Compound – I was appointed a lecturer or I started my teaching career in
a college in district in Amritsar.
26. He cannot read English. His
son also cannot read English.
Compound – He cannot read English, nor (neither) can his son.
27. You have said something.
It is not true.
Complex – What you have said is not true.
28. I know something. I will
tell it to you.
I will tell you what I know.
29. He lives somewhere. I have
not seen that place.
Complex - I have not seen
where he lives.
30. Complex -That she is alive
is a consolation.
Compound – She is still alive and that is a consolation.
Simple – Her being alive is a consolation.
Separate sentences –She is still alive. That is a consolation.
31. Complex – I told him that
he was wrong.
Compound – He was wrong and I told him so.
Simple – I told him about his being wrong.
Separate sentences – He was wrong. I told him so.
32. Complex – The assumption
is that things will improve.
Simple – Things are assumed to improve.
Separate sentences – Things will improve. That is the assumption.
33. Complex - Your assumption
that things will improve is unfounded.
Compound – You assume that things will improve but it is unfounded.
Simple – Your assumption about an improvement in things is unfounded.
Separate sentences – Things will improve. That is your assumption. It is
unfounded.
34. Complex – I am sure that
things will improve.
Compound – Things will improve and I am sure of that.
Simple – I am sure of an improvement in things.
Separate sentences – Things will improve. I am sure of that.
35. Complex - The fact that
she is still alive consoles me.
Compound – She is still alive and that consoles me.
Simple – Her being still alive consoles me.
Separate sentences – She is still alive. It consoles me.
Change of Voice
When to use which voice
The
subject of a sentence may be the person, animal, thing or some other force
responsible for performing the action denoted by the verb known as the AGENT or
it may be someone or something affected by the action (the AFFECTED) or something
created or brought into existence by the action (the EFFECTED).
If
the AGENT is the subject, we use the active voice and if the AFFECTED or the
EFFECTED is the subject, we use the passive voice.
How to know whether the voice is ACTIVE or
PASSIVE
If
the verb phrase contains some form of BE followed by the PAST PARTICIPLE (the
third form) of the verb, the voice is ACTIVE. But if the verb phrase contains
neither any form of BE nor the third form of the verb, OR, if it contains only
one of the two, the voice is PASSIVE.
Here,
it needs to be made clear that BE does not mean only ‘be’. It means any of the
eight forms of BE.
The
eight forms of BE are:
BE
– the infinitive of BE
IS,
AM or ARE – the first form of BE (the present tense forms)
WAS
or WERE –the second form of BE (the past tense forms)
BEEN
–the third form of BE (the past participle)
BEING
– the ……ing form of BE (the present participle)
How to change voice
To change the voice from active to passive
I.
Move the
object to the front to make it the subject of the sentence.
II.
Insert one of the eight forms of BE immediately
before the main verb
The form of be to
be used here is the same as the form of the main verb in the active voice.
III.
Change the main verb into the third form (the past
participle).
IV.
Move the subject behind the main verb and insert the
preposition BY before it.
To change the voice from passive to active
Reverse
the process described above.
I.
Drop the form of BE which is immediately before the
third form of the verb.
II.
Change the main verb into the form of BE which you
have dropped.
III.
Drop the preposition BY and move the remaining noun
phrase to the front to make it the subject.
IV. Move the subject behind the main verb to make it the object.
3.
One Word Substitution
1.
A number of sheep --- Flock
2.
A number of horses, ponies etc. driven
together---
Drove
3.
A number of cattle or swine---
Herd
4.
A number of peacocks ----
Muster
5.
A number of wolves, hounds or submarines--- Pack
6.
A number of leopards ---
Leap
7.
A number of geese ----
Gaggle
8.
A number of bees, ants, locusts etc.
---------
swarm
9.
A number of larks, quails or beautiful girls
---------
bevy
10.
A number of bees living in the same place -------- hive
11.
A number
of ants, rabbits or snakes living in the same place --- nest
12.
A number of lions, monkeys or cavalry soldiers ---- troop
13.
A number of horses kept for riding, racing or
breeding ------------stud
14.
A number of chickens hatched at the same time
---------------------brood
15.
A number of young pigs, dogs, cats born together
-----------------litter
16.
A number of kittens
--------------------------------------------------------kindle
17.
A collection of fowls, ducks
etc.-----------------------------------------poultry
18.
A collection of wild animals
----------------------------------------------zoo/menagerie
19.
A number of people at a religious place
-----------------------------congregation
20.
A number of people listening to a lecture
----------------------------audience
21.
A number of people watching a play or match
--------------------spectators
22.
A number of people in the street
-------------------------------------crowd
23.
A number of people gathered together for a
common purpose --- assembly
24.
A number of servants
-------------------------------------------------------staff
25.
A number of sailors manning a ship ------------------------------------crew
26.
A number og workmen, thieves, prisoners
-------------------------gang
27.
A collection of books
-------------------------------------------------- library
28.
A collection of flowers
--------------------------------------------bouquet
29.
A collection of flags
--------------------bunting
30.
A number of drawers -----------chest
31.
A number of ships -------------------fleet
32.
A large collection of trees ---------forest
33.
A number of stars forming one
group-----------------constellation
34.
A set of rooms, furniture etc. suite
35.
A quantity of bread baked at the same
time---------batch
36.
A collection of tools -----------set
37.
A place where birds are kept
----------------aviary
38.
A place where fishes are kept--------aquarium
39.
A place where pigs are kept --------------sty
40.
A house for dogs -------------------kennel
41.
A house for horses --------------stable
42.
The home of a lion ------------------den
43.
A house for cows ------------------pen
44.
A place where medicines are compounded
------------------dispensary
45.
A place for the treatment of sick people
----------------hospital
46.
A residence for monks ---------------monastery
47.
A residence for nuns ------------------convent
48.
A place where milk is changed into butter,
cheese etc. ---------dairy
49.
A place where bread, cakes etc. are made
----------------bakery
50.
A factory for manufacturing beer
---------------brewery
51.
A place where spirituous liquors are
manufactured-------------distillery
52.
A place where clothes are washed or ironed
---------------laundry
53.
A place for housing cars ----------------garage
54.
A place where travellers can get lodging and
refreshments -----------hotel
55.
A place where people can get food and
refreshments --------------restaurant
56.
A house for the residence of students
-------------------------hostel
57.
Aplace where books are kept
-----------------library
58.
A place where manufacturing activity is carried
on ----------------factory
59.
A place where experiments are conducted
----------------laboratory
60.
A place where treasures of art are kept
---------------------museum
61.
A plce for storing grain --------granary
62.
A building for lodging soldiers --------------barracks
63.
A place where fruit trees are grown
----------------orchard
64.
A place where orphans are housed
---------------orphanage
65.
A Muslim place of worship -------------------------mosque
66.
A Hindu place of worship
------------------temple
67.
A place of worship of the Sikhs
----------gurdwara
68.
A place with gambling tables
--------------casino
69.
A school for infants and young children
-------kindergarten
70.
A case in which a sword is kept
---------------------sheath
71.
One who attends to the diseases of the eye
-------------------oculist
72.
One who tests eyesight and sells spectacles
-------optician
73.
One who attends sick people and prescribes
medicines -----physician
74.
One who compounds or sells drugs
--------pharmacist
75.
One who treats diseases by performing operations
-------surgeon
76.
One who attends to the teeth ----------dentist
77.
One who manages or attends to an engine
-----------------engineer
78.
One who drives a motor car for another ------------chauffeur
79.
The person in charge of a ship --------captain
80.
One who carves in stone --------------sculptor
81.
One who writes for newspapers -----------
journalist, reporter, correspondent
82.
A physician who assists women at childbirth
---------obstetrician
83.
One who designs buildings -------architect
84.
One who deals in flowers
--------------------------florist
85.
One who mends water pipes ------------plumber
86.
One who shoes horses ----------farrier
87.
A professional rider in horse races
----------jockey
88.
One who looks after horses ---------------ostler
89.
One who studies rocks and soils
-------------geologist
90.
One who studies the stars ---------------------
astronomer
91.
One who foretells things by the stars
-----------astrologer
92.
One who flies an aeroplane ----------------pilot
93.
One who sells sweets and pastries
-----------------confectioner
94.
One who pays out money at a bank
------------cashier
95.
One who lends money at exorbitant rate of
interest ---------usurer
96.
One who performs tricks by sleight of hand
--------------------conjuror or juggler
97.
One who performs daring gymnastic feats
-------------acrobat
98.
One who travels from place to place selling
goods ---------hawker, pedlar
99.
One who makes pots -----------potter
100.
One who watches over students during examination
---------invigilator
101.
One who mends shoes -----------------cobbler
102.
Person in charge of a library ------librarian
103.
The head of a college
----------------------principal
104.
The head of a town council or corporation
-------------mayor
105.
One who writes poetry -------------------poet
106.
One who writes novels
-------------------novelist
107.
One who writes books
----------------------author
108.
One who sells paper, pens, ink
etc.-----------------------stationer
109.
One who studies the working of the human mind ---------------psychologist
110.
The treasurer of a college or university
--------------------bursar
111.
One who looks at the bright side of things
-----------------optimist
112.
One who looks at the dark side of things
----------------------pessimist
113.
One who take refuge in a foreign country
---------------------refugee
114.
115.
One who dies for a noble cause
------------------martyr
116.
One who offers his service of his own free will
----------volunteer
117.
One who shoots with bows and arrows
--------------------archer
118.
Government of the people, by the people, for the
people --------democracy
119.
Government by a sovereign with unlimited
authority ------------autocracy
120.
Government by the nobility ------------------
aristocracy
121.
Government by departments of state or by
officers ------------bureaucracy
122.
Government by the wealthy --------------------plutocracy
123.
Government by religious leaders
-------------theocracy
124.
The right of self-government
------------------autonomy
125.
A radical change of government
-------------revolution
126.
Deciding a matter by the direct vote of the
whole electorate ---------referendum
127.
The wife or husband of a king or queen
---------------------consort
128.
Official numbering (counting) of the population
-------------------census
129.
The stand from which a preacher delivers his
sermon ----------------pulpit
130.
The body of ministers (priests) ordained by the
church ------------clergy
131.
One who believes in God
------------------------theist
132.
One who does not believe in God
---------------atheist
133.
One who neither believes nor disbelieves in God
------------agnostic
134.
Intolerant follower of a religion or creed
-------------bigot
135.
Use bad language for God or religion or anything
holy ---------blaspheme
136.
Violation or desecration of religious things
-------------sacrilege
137.
Holding opinion opposed to religion
------------heresy
138.
A breaker of church images or icons -------------------iconoclast
139.
One who believes in one God
-------------------monotheist
140.
One who believes in many gods
--------------------polytheist
141.
The practice of having one wife or husband only
---------------monogamy
142.
The practice of marrying more wives or wife than one -------polygamy
143.
The practice of marrying two wives
--------------- bigamy
144.
One who has only one living wife or husband at a time --------- monogamist
145.
One who has two living wives or husbands at a
time ----------------bigamist
146.
A man who has more than one wife at a time
---------------- polygynist
147.
A woman who has more than one husband at a time
----------polyandrist
148.
The practice of having two or more husbands at a
time -----------polyandry
149.
The practice of having two or more wives at a
time----------polygyny
150.
A person who has taken a pledge to remain single
------------- celibate
151.
Legal dissolution of marriage
---------------------- divorce
152.
A man whose wife is dead ----------------
widower
153.
A woman whose husband is dead ----------- widow
154.
The boy a girl is engaged to--------------------
fiancé
155.
The girl a boy is engaged to
---------------------fiancee
156.
A person engaged to be married ----------
affianced/betrothed
157.
To run away with a lover to get married
----------elope
158.
A bride’s outfit (dress) ------------------------
trousseau
159.
The study of heavenly bodies (stars)
---------------- astronomy
160.
The art of tilling the soil --------agriculture
161.
The art of cultivating and managing gardens
---------------horticulture
162.
The art og beautiful handwriting -------------
calligraphy
163.
The science of numbers ------------------
mathematics
164.
The art of telling the future by the study of
stars ----------- astrology
165.
The study of the human mind -----------
psychology
166.
The study of physical life or living matter
--------------------biology
167.
The study of animal life
-------------------------- zoology
168.
The study of plant life -----------------------
botany
169.
The study off rocks and soils -----------------
geology
170.
A disease affecting many people at the same time
---------- epidemic
171.
A disease widely epidemic affecting people in
many countries-------------- pandemic
172.
A substance which destroys or weakens germs
----------------- antiseptic
173.
A medicine which reduces pain -------------
anodyne
174.
A substance used in surgery to produce
unconsciousness -------- chloroform
175.
A medicine which makes us insensitive to pain
---------------- anaesthetic
176.
A medicine to counteract a poison
---------------------- antidote
177.
An instrument used by physicians to listen to
the action of the heart and the lungs ------------------- stethoscope
178.
Free or exempt from disease (not likely to be
affected by a disease)-------- immune
179.
The ability of the body to keep a disease away
----------immunity
180.
To keep apart to prevent from spreading
infection -----------isolate
181.
To confine to one place to avoid spread of
infection -------------- quarantine
182.
A medicine for producing sleep -----------------
narcotic or opiate
183.
To cut off a part of a person’s body which is
infected --------- amputate
184.
A medicine which can cure all diseases --------------
panacea
185.
Recovery from disease -------------
convalescence
186.
A vehicle for carrying the sick or injured
----------- ambulance
187.
Want of blood ------------- anaemia
188.
Affecting the lungs -----------------------
pulmonary
189.
A substance to keep down bad smells ----------
deodorant
190.
To identify a disease by its symptoms
-------------diagnose
191.
To disinfect by smoke ------------- fumigate
192.
The science of diseases of the human body
--------------- pathology
193.
The mosquito which transmits filarial
---------------------- culex
194.
The mosquito which transmits malaria
----------------- anopheles
195.
The dead body of a human being --------- corpse
196.
The dead body of an animal ----------------
carcass
197.
Dead and decaying flesh -------------------
carrion
198.
A place where dead bodies are temporarily placed
------------- mortuary
199.
A place where the dead bodies of persons found
dead are placed for identification
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
morgue
200.
Disposal of a dead body by burning
------------------ cremation
201.
The cloth which is wrapped round a dead body
--------------- winding-sheet
202.
To dig up a corpse
---------------------------exhume
203.
A frame on which a dead body is carried
---------------- bier
204.
A pile of wood on which a dead body is burned
------------ pyre
205.
A vehicle for taking dead bodies to the cemetery
or cremation ground ----- hearse
206.
A place where dead bodies are interred (buried)
---------------cemetery
207.
The examination of a dead body -----------
autopsy or post-mortem
208.
Occurring after one’s death ----- posthumous
209.
A very expensive and elaborately built tomb
--------------mausoleum
210.
The practice of putting a person to death
painlessly ---------- euthanasia
211.
A notice in a newspaper of the funeral of a dead
man ------------- obituary
212.
A person who dies without making a will --------
intestate
213.
The property left to somebody by a will
------------- legacy
214.
The act of killing oneself
------------------------- suicide
215.
The act of killing a human being
-----------------------------homicide
216.
Murder of a new born child -----------------
infanticide
217.
Murder of a brother ---------------------
fratricide
218.
Murder of a sister --------------------------
sororicide
219.
Murder of a mother ----------------- matricide
220.
Murder of a father ------------------------------
patricide
221.
Murder of a parent (mother or father)
-------------parricide
222.
Murder of a king or queen ------------------
regicide
223.
Rising from the dead ------------------------
resurrection
224.
Killed by an electric current ------------------
electrocuted
225.
An animal that can live on earth as well as in
water ------------- amphibious
226.
Living in flocks or herds ------------------
gregarious
227.
The dormant condition in which some animals pass
the winter ---------- hibernation
228.
Trees which shed their leaves in winter
---------------------- deciduous
229.
A cud chewing animal -------------- ruminant
230.
A gnawing animal --------------------------
rodent
231.
A four footed animal ---------------------------
quadruped
232.
Animals which carry their young ones in a pouch
attached to their body ----
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- marsupials
233.
Soil composed mostly of decayed vegetable matter
--------------------- humus
234.
A chemical for killing insects
------------------------- insecticide
235.
An animal or plant living on another
----------------------- parasite
236.
Lasting for a single year or season
---------------- annual
237.
Occurring every year
------------------------------- annual
238.
Living for many years ( almost for ever)
-----------------perennial
239.
Lasting for two years or happening after every
two years ---------- biennial
240.
The part of the seed which develops into a plant
-------------embryo or germ
241.
The part of a seed which forms the root
---------------- radicle
242.
The part of a seed which becomes the stem
------------- plumule
243.
The process by which a seed becomes a plant
-------------- germination
244.
The process by which plants manufacture their
food ---------assimilation
245.
The process by which plants give off excess
water through their leaves--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
transpiration
246.
The process by which plants or animals breathe
---------------- respiration
247.
The process by which plants take up mineral
salts -------------------- absorption
248.
Tiny openings on the underside of leaves through
which plants breathe and give off
excess water
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
stomata
249.
The substance that gives the plants their green
colour ---------- chlorophyll
250.
A spiral shoot of a plant which winds itself
round another body for support ---tendril
251.
The process by which pollen dust is transferred
from the stamen to the pistil - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pollination
252.
The entrance of the pollen grains into the
ovules in the ovary ---- fertilisation
253.
One who studies plant and animal life
-------------- naturalist
254.
Rock matter from which a mineral is extracted
------------------ ore
255.
The neat of a deer ----------------------------
venison
256.
The neat of a cow ---------------------------
beef
257.
The meat of goat or sheep ----------------------
mutton
258.
An animal having the backbone ----------------------
vertebrate
259.
An animal without the backbone
-------------------invertebrate
260.
The inside of a nut ------------------------
kernel
261.
The animals found in a certain region
----------------- fauna
262.
The plants or trees growing in a certain area
---- flora
263.
Absence of rain ---------------drought
264.
To supply land with water through artificial
means ------------- irrigate
265.
The feelers of an insect
------------------------- antennae
266.
The dead skin cast off by a snake
----------------------- slough
267.
Writing that is easy to read -----------------
legible
268.
Writing that is difficult to read --------------
illegible
269.
Able to read ------------ literate
270.
Unable to read ------------- illiterate
271.
Fit for food ---------------edible
272.
Not fit
for food ------------------ inedible
273.
Loud enough to be heard ---------- audible
274.
Which cannot be heard ------------- inaudible
275.
Born of married parents ---------------
legitimate
276.
Born of unmarried parents --------------
illegitimate
277.
To move from one country to another ------------
migrate
278.
One who comes into another country and settles
there --------- immigrant
279.
One who goes to another country to settle there
------------- emigrant
280.
To send a person back to his own country
-------------------- repatriate
281.
To banish from one’s country --------------- expatriate
282.
Love of one’s country -------------- patriotism
283.
Goods brought into the country ---------------
imports
284.
Goods sent out of the country
----------------exports
285.
Duties payable on exports or imports
------------tariff
286.
List of goods despatched with quantity and price
------------ invoice
287.
Goods sent to or received by a person
----------------- consignment
288.
The person to whom goods are sent
---------------- consignee
289.
That which cannot be pierced -----------
impenetrable
290.
That which cannot be passed -------------
impassable
291.
That which cannot be conquered ------------
invincible
292.
That which can be wounded, injured or damaged
--------- vulnerable
293.
That which cannot be wounded injured or damaged
----------- invulnerable
294.
That which cannot be repaired -------------------
irreparable
295.
That which cannot be replaced -------------------irreplaceable
296.
That which cannot be imitated (copied)
---------------- inimitable
297.
That which cannot be rubbed out
-----------indelible or ineffaceable
298.
That which cannot be avoided ------------inevitable
299.
That which cannot be moved ---------- immovable
300.
That which cannot be seen ------------ invisible
301.
That which cannot be heard ---------------
inaudible
302.
Incapable of being redeemed from evil or
corrected or reformed ----- incorrigible
303.
That which cannot be burnt
----------------------- incombustible
304.
That which cannot be explained ---------------
inexplicable
305.
Enduring for all times imperishable
306.
That which does not allow water to pass through
or enter it ---------------impervious
307.
Not endowed with life (not having
life)----------- inanimate
308.
Absolutely necessary / That which cannot be done
without – indispensable
309.
That which does not die ------------immortal
310.
Subject to death ---------------------- mortal
311.
An instrument used for measuring temperature ------
thermometer
312.
An instrument used for measuring the pressure of
air ------------ barometer
313.
An instrument used for measuring minute
distances ---------- micrometer
314.
An instrument used for measuring gasses
------------- manometer
315.
An instrument used for measuring electric
current ------------------- ammeter
316.
An instrument used for making very small objects
look large ------------ microscope
317.
An instrument used for seeing distant objects
------------------- telescope
318.
An instrument used for transmitting voice to a
distance ---------- telephone
319.
An instrument used for increasing the volume of
voice ------microphone
320.
An instrument used for seeing objects above the
surface of water by people in a submarine
------------------------------------------------------------ periscope
321.
An instrument used for taking pictures
-------------- camera
322.
An instrument used for measuring speed
----------speedometer
323.
An instrument used for recording revolutions
--------------- gyrograph
324.
An instrument used for seeing distant by placing
it on both eyes --------- binoculars
325.
Unprovoked attack by an enemy
--------------------- aggression
326.
Compulsory enrolment as soldiers
----------------- conscription
327.
People killed or wounded in a battle
------------------ casualties
328.
A number of people or ships travelling together
------------- convoy
329.
The act of spying ----------------------------
espionage
330.
To remove from one place to another for safety
--------------- evacuate
331.
To enter a country as an enemy
------------------- invade
332.
Taking neither side in the struggle
----------neutral
333.
A foreigner in a belligerent country
---------------- alien
334.
T keep citizens in confinement ------------
intern
335.
Shells, bombs, military stores ----------------
ammunition
336.
Heavy guns, artillery and army stores
------------- ordnance
337.
A knife fixed on to the end of a gun -----------
bayonet
338.
An apparatus to enable a person to drop safely
from an air craft –parachute
339.
Horse soldiers ------------------------ cavalry
340.
Foot soldiers --------------------------
infantry
341.
Continuous firing by a number of arms
---------------- fusillade
342.
The firing of many guns at a time to mark an
occasion ----------- salvo
343.
An agreement to stop fighting ---------
armistice
344.
To reduce to nothing -------------- annihilate
345.
A general pardon of offenders -------- amnesty
346.
To surround a place with the intention of
capturing it ---------- besiege
347.
A recently enlisted soldier recruit
348.
The art of conducting negotiations between
nations – diplomacy
349.
A fortified place defended by soldiers, cannons
etc. ----------- garrison
350.
Irregular warfare conducted by scattered or
independent bands ---- guerrilla war
351.
To remove from the army ------------------
demobilise
352.
A place where soldiers can buy drinks and other
refreshments -------- canteen
353.
A book in which the events of each day are
recorded ----- diary
354.
A book containing the words of a language in an
alphabetical order along with their definitions
--------------------------------------- dictionary
355.
A book of names and addresses ------------
directory
356.
A book of accounts showing debits and credits ----------------
ledger
357.
A book containing information in all branches of
knowledge --------- encyclopaedia
358.
A book with blank pages for putting pictures,
stamps, autographs etc. ---album
359.
A list of books on a topic ---------------------
bibliography
360.
A list of books in a library
--------------catalogue
361.
A list of rare, technical, obsolete words with
their explanations – glossary
362.
A written account of the memorable experiences
of one’s life -------- memoirs
363.
The trademark of the maker seen on paper when
held up to the light ---- watermark
364.
A brief summary of a book ----------- epitome
365.
A statement accepted as true without proof
---------------- axiom
366.
A list of items of business to be transacted at
a meeting ------------- agenda
367.
Language used by the experts of a field not
understood by others -----jargon
368.
A declaration of plans or policies by a party or
candidate before election –manifesto
369.
To remove the offensive portion from a book
expurgate
370.
A picture facing the title page of a book
--------- frontispiece
371.
The excusive right of the author or publisher to
publish or sell copies of the books written or published by him
---------------- copyright
372.
An error in printing ------------- erratum
373.
A standard by which things are judged
----------- parameter/criterion
374.
A speech delivered without previous preparation
------------ extempore
375.
Passing off another author’s work as one’s own
------------ plagiarism
376.
A person’s name in his own handwriting
---------- autograph
377.
The life history of a person ----------biography
378.
The life history of a person written by
himself/herself --------- autobiography
379.
A humorous play having a happy ending
--------------- comedy
380.
A play having a sad ending --------------------
tragedy
381.
A poem of lamentation, especially for the dead
------------------ elegy
382.
A conversation between two persons
-------------------dialogue
383.
Speaking to oneself --------------------------
soliloquy
384.
Repetition of the same initial letter in a line
or passage ------ alliteration
385.
To make expressive gestures or motions while
speaking -------- gesticulate
386.
Language that is overused -----------------
hackneyed
387.
One who writes plays -------------------
playwright / dramatist
388.
Word for word --------- verbatim
389.
To learn by heart --------------memorise
390.
Going around under a name other than one’s own
----------- incognito
391.
Capable of being drawn out or beaten into sheets
– malleable / ductile
392.
Consisting of several kinds --- miscellaneous
393.
The exclusive right to buy or sell something
-----------monopoly
394.
Unable to pay one’s debt ------------- insolvent
395.
Close at hand --------------------- imminent
396.
Serving for money ----------------- mercenary
397.
A job with good pay but no work ---------------
sinecure
398.
A fence or railing of stakes or iron etc.
-------------palisade
399.
A line of people waiting for something --------
queue
400.
The liquid which comes out from a sewerage tank
-------------- effluent
401.
To separate the husks from the grain -----------
winnow
402.
The likeness of a person on coins etc.
---------------effigy
403.
An animal living on grass ----------- herbivore
404.
An animal living on flesh --------------
carnivore
405.
An animal that eats everything ------------
omnivore
406.
An animal that eats fish ---------- piscivore
407.
The yellow part of an egg --------------------
yolk
408.
The white part of an egg -----------------
albumen
409.
A mix of metals ----------------- alloy
410.
Homesickness or a sentimental longing for the
past ---------- nostalgia
411.
Directions for preparing a dish
-------------------- recipe
412.
Able to adapt oneself to many situations
-------- versatile
413.
A picture of a person with exaggerated features
to arouse laughter ----- caricature
414.
A name taken on by a person but not his real
name ---------- alias
415.
The bony framework of the body ---------
skeleton
416.
The framework of a vehicle ----------------
chassis
417.
A hollow space in a wall for a statue ----------
niche
418.
To compensate for loss or damage -------------
indemnify
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